\u0412 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u044f), \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435 \u043d\u044f\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0443 \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442, \u0447\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0445\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 (\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0449\u0430) \u0434\u0430 „\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438“, \u0434\u0430 „\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430“, \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\/\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0430 „\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f\u0442“ \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0446. \u0410\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442, \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430 „\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430“. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0434, \u0447\u0435 \u0427\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0437 \u0414\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0434\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044f\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 „\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430“ (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435: \u0432\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f) \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u044a\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a). \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\/\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u044a\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u044f \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
http:\/\/nautil.us\/issue\/77\/underworlds\/never-underestimate-the-intelligence-of-trees<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2019\/09\/26\/the-intelligence-of-plants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026A few years ago, Monica Gagliano, an associate professor in evolutionary ecology at the University of Western Australia, began dropping potted Mimosa pudicas.<\/em> She used a sliding steel rail that guided them to six inches above a cushioned surface, then let them fall. The plant, which is leafy and green with pink-purple flower heads, is commonly known as a \u201cshameplant\u201d or a \u201ctouch-me-not\u201d because its leaves fold inward when it\u2019s disturbed. In theory, it would defend itself against any attack, indiscriminately perceiving any touch or drop as an offense and closing itself up. The first time Gagliano dropped the plants\u2014fifty-six of them\u2014from the measured height, they responded as expected. But after several more drops, fewer of them closed. She dropped each of them sixty times, in five-second intervals. Eventually, all of them stopped closing. She continued like this for twenty-eight days, but none of them ever closed up again. It was only when she bothered them differently\u2014such as by grabbing them\u2014that they reverted to their usual defense mechanism. Gagliano concluded, in a studiu<\/a> published in a 2014 edition of <\/strong>Oecologia<\/strong><\/em>, that the shameplants had \u201cremembered\u201d that their being dropped from such a low height wasn\u2019t actually a danger and realized they didn\u2019t need to defend themselves. She believed that her experiment helped prove that \u201cbrains and neurons are a sophisticated solution but not a necessary requirement for learning.\u201d The plants, she reasoned, were learning. The plants, she believed, were remembering. Bees, for instance, forget<\/a> what they\u2019ve learned after just a few days. These shameplants had remembered for nearly a month<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026The idea of a \u201cplant intelligence\u201d\u2014an intelligence that goes beyond adaptation and reaction and into the realm of active memory and decision-making\u2014has been in the air since at least the early seventies. A shift from religion to \u201cspirituality\u201d in the sixties and seventies unlocked new avenues of belief, and the 1973 bestseller The Secret Life of Plants<\/em> catalyzed the phenomenon. Written by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird, the book made some claims, such as that plants can \u201cread human minds,\u201d \u201cfeel stress,\u201d and \u201cpick out\u201d a plant murderer<\/strong>. Mostly, it proved to be a touchstone. Cleve Backster, a polygraph tester for the CIA, did one such experiment in 1966 when, \u201con a whim,\u201d he attached a galvanometer (a machine that registers electrical currents) to a dracaena, a tropical palm houseplant. Silently, Backster imagined the plant was on fire. The galvanometer flickered. Backster concluded the plant was feeling stress from his thoughts. \u201cCould the plant have been reading his mind<\/strong>?\u201d ask Tompkins and Bird in the book. In another experiment, Backster had a friend stomp on a plant. Then, that friend and five other human \u201csuspects\u201d walked out in front of the plant that had \u201cwitnessed\u201d the stomping. The plant was hooked up to a galvanometer. When the killer entered the room, the plant sent out a wave of electricity, thereby \u201cidentifying\u201d the murderer<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026Darwin floated the first modern ideation of plant intelligence in 1880<\/strong>. Writing in The Power of Movement in Plants<\/em>, he concluded that the root of a plant has \u201cthe power of directing the movements of the adjoining parts\u201d and thus \u201cacts like the brain of one of the lower animals<\/strong>; the brain being seated within the anterior end of the body, receiving impressions from the sense organs and directing the several movements.\u201d Darwin was talking about how plants react to shifts in vibrations, sounds, touch, humidity, and temperature\u2014but these are just adaptive reactions. <\/em>Facing toward the sun or closing at a touch does not require quasi-neurological abilities. There is no processing or choice involved\u2014unlike the apparent memory shown by Gagliano\u2019s experiment. (Many of the Ancient Greeks\u2014like Plato, Anaxagoras, Democritus, and Empedocles\u2014shared the belief that plants have a kind of brain where sensitivities could be \u201cprocessed.\u201d<\/strong>)\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026When Wohlleben came across a tree stump that had been felled probably half a millennium ago, he realized\u2014scraping at it and seeing that it was still bright green beneath\u2014that the trees around it had been keeping it alive, sending it glucose and other nutrients<\/strong>. This plant communications system works similarly to the nervous system of animals. Trees can send out electrical pulse signals underground as well as signals through the air, via pheromones and gasses. When an animal, for instance, begins chewing on a tree\u2019s leaves, the tree can release ethylene gas into the soil, alerting other trees, whereupon those nearby trees can send tannins into their leaves so that if they, too, get their leaves chewed, they might be able to poison the offending animal.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026Trees can differentiate between threats, as well. They respond differently to a human breaking off one of its branches than they do to an animal eating at them\u2014with the former, it will try to heal; with the latter, it will try to poison. Plants even share space with one another<\/strong>. In a 2010 studiu<\/a>, when four <\/strong>Cakile edentula<\/strong><\/em>, or \u201csea-rocket plants,\u201d were put in the same pot, they shared their resources, moving their roots to accommodate the others<\/strong>. If the plants were just acting evolutionarily, it would follow that they would compete for resources; instead, they seem to be \u201cthinking\u201d of the other plants and \u201cdeciding\u201d to help them. Even the slightest possibility of a proven plant intelligence would have massive scientific and existential implications. If plants can \u201clearn\u201d and \u201cremember,\u201d as Gagliano believes, then humans may have been misunderstanding plants, and ourselves, for all of history. The common understanding of \u201cintelligence\u201d would have to be reimagined; and we\u2019d have missed an entire universe of thought happening all around us<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026Plants<\/strong>, as Gagliano concluded, might have a far greater sentience than we\u2019d ever thought possible<\/strong>. The implications of plants that \u201cremember\u201d being dropped and \u201cdecide\u201d it\u2019s safe to not protect themselves aren\u2019t best expressed in anthropomorphic terms, but we don\u2019t yet have other language. In truth, we know so little even about ourselves; our science cannot fully explain how humans learn and remember. Why not consider that plants have been doing the same for far longer than we have been around, with an intelligence that is radically different from ours<\/strong>?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Surs\u0103:<\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/haidut.me\/?p=648<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n